Atomic Test

Types of Atomic tests - Atmospheric, Underwater, Underground. Scence behind Atomic Weapons Testing - Atomic weapons are weapons of mass destruction based on two types of reactions - nuclear fission and fussion reaction.

Nuclear Fission based atomic weapon

In nuclear fission reaction a critical mass is created by combining two sub-critical mass capable to support a chain reaction. There are two ways in which a critical mass can be created. In the gun-type method, sub-critical masses of fissionable material are placed a little apart from one another in a device similar to a gun barrel. A powerfull conventional explosive is packed behind one piece, the fuse is triggered and the explosive goes off propelling one of the sub-critical masses into the other at high speed. A combined mass become super-critical and initiates the self-subtaining chain reaction. For example, the bomd dropped on hirishima used the gun-type method.

The other method is the implosion method. A spherical sub-critical mass is surrounded by conventional explosives. The explosive goes off on detonation, compressing the sub-critical mass into high density supercritical mass resulting into a high density supercritical mass resulting into chain reaction. For example the atom bomb dropped on Nagasaki was of the implosion type.

Nuclear Fusion based atomic weapons

In fusion weapons, the power comes from the fusion or combination of lightweight nuclei under intense heat, the reason why they are also called thermonuclear weapons. The nuclei of the isotops of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, are fused. The product of fusion weight less than the combined original nuclei and the lost matter turns into energy. The very high temperature required for fusion is achieved by means of fusion explosion. The explosion of the fission device also release neutrons which strike against a comound of lithium-6 deuteride inside the weapon. On being struck by nutrons the compound gives rise to helium and tritium. Now pairs of one tritium nuclei, pair of deuterium nuclei and pair of one tritium-one deuterium nuclei combine to form helium nuclei. As some amount of matter from the deuterium and tritium nuclei is coverted into a large amount of energy a thermonuclear explosion takes place. The explosive power of the weapon is increased by surrounding lithium-6 deuteride with U-238 because the thermonuclear explosion fissions the uranium-238. The device is also known as hydrogen bomb as isotopes of hydrogen are responsible for its explosive power.

Nuclear Reactor Technology

A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate. The most significant use of nucear reactors is as an energy source for the generation of electrical power and for the power of propulsion in nuclear submarines.

The physics of operating a nuclear reactor is explained by Nuclear reactor physics. The natural uranium is thefuel used in the reactor and consists of two types of isotopes - U 238 and U-235 in the ratio of 139:1. The U-235 isotop undergoes fission and release energy. When a slow neutron strucks U-235 atom, it splits into two or more fragments and tw or three fast neutrons. Tremendous amount of energy is produced in this process. The fast neutrons re made to slow down before they strike other U-235 atoms, thus releasing chain reaction is attained in due course of time.

Classifications

Nuclear Reactor are classified by several methods such as based on nuclear reaction, moderator material, coolant, phase of fuel, use etc. A brief outline of these classification schemes is provided below:

Nuclear fission - Most reactors, and all commercial ones, are based on nuclear fission. They generally use uranium and its product plutonium as nuclear fuel cycle is also possible. Fission reactors can be divided roughly into two classes, depending on the energy of the neutrons that sustain the fission chain reaction. Thermal reactors use slowed or thermal neutrons and fast neutron reactors use fast neutrons to cause fission in their fuel. they do not have a neutron moderator and use less moderating coolants.

Light water moderated reactors (LWRs) - Light water reactors use ordinary water to moderate and cool the reactors. At operating temperature, the density of water drops because of increase in it's temperature, and fewer neutrons passing through it are slowed enough to trigger further reactions. Due to the extra thermalization, these types can use natural uranium/unreached fuel.

Name of Nuclear Explosions	Country	Yield (Kt)	Year
Trinity	USA	19	1945
Little Boy	USA	15	1945
Fat Man	USA	21	1945
RDS-1	USSR	22	1949
Hurricane	UK	25	1952
Ivy Mike	USA	10,400	1952
Joe 4	USSR	400	1953
Castle Bravo	USA	15,000	1954
RDS-37	USSR	1,600	1955
Grapple X	UK	1800	1957
Gerboise Bleue	France	70	1960
Tsar Bomba	USSR	57000	1961
596	China	22	1964
Test No. 6	China	3300	1967
Canopus	France	2600	1968
Smiling Buddha	India	12	1974
Pokhran-II	India	60	1998
Chagai-I	Pakistan	36-40	1998
2006 North Korea Nuclear Test	North Korea	less than 1 Kt	2006
2009 North Korea Nuclear Test	North Korea	5-15	2009